Badge: A physical or digital identifier that is used to verify the identity of an individual or the authorization of a device. It is commonly used in the context of access control to ensure that only authorized individuals or devices can enter a secured area or access sensitive information. Examples of badges include a security card, a key fob, or a digital certificate.

Balanced Magnetic Switch (BMS): A security device used to monitor the opening and closing of doors and windows. It consists of a magnet and a sensor that form a circuit, which, when disturbed (for example, by a door opening), triggers an alert. BMS systems are commonly integrated into broader security systems to detect unauthorized entries.

Balanced Scorecard (BSC): A strategic planning and management tool used to align business activities with the organization's vision and strategy. It helps in monitoring performance against strategic goals across multiple perspectives such as financial performance, customer knowledge, internal business processes, and learning and growth, providing a comprehensive view for proactive management and improvement.

Bandwidth: The maximum rate of data transfer across a given path or network connection, typically measured in bits per second (bps). The term is used to denote the capacity of a connection to handle data traffic, affecting the speed and quality of data transfer. High bandwidth is particularly important for the transmission of large volumes of data or for applications with real-time communication needs, such as video conferencing or online gaming.

Banner: A message displayed on a computer screen or network device that identifies the system and provides information about the system's capabilities and limitations. It is commonly used to provide a warning or disclaimer to users before they access a system or network. Examples include the login banner on a server or the banner displayed by a firewall before allowing access to a network.

Banner Grabbing: A technique used to gather information about computer systems on a network by sending requests and analyzing the responses (the banners) that contain details about the services running on the system. It is often an initial step in network reconnaissance for both legitimate purposes, such as network inventory, and malicious intents, like vulnerability assessment for exploitation.