- Safeguard A measure or procedure designed to protect against loss, damage, or unauthorized access to information or assets. It is used in security to prevent or mitigate risks to an organization's assets or information. Examples of safeguards include implementing firewalls to protect against cyber-attacks or installing security cameras to deter theft.
- Safe harbor A provision typically found in regulations that offers protection from liability or penalty under certain circumstances. These circumstances generally involve compliance with specific guidelines or standards. In the context of data protection, for example, organizations can adhere to Safe Harbor principles to legally transfer data across different jurisdictions. The key goal is to encourage best practices, ensure regulatory compliance, and provide reassurances to stakeholders that sensitive information is being handled responsibly.
- Salami technique A type of fraud that involves the slicing off of small amounts of money from multiple transactions to create a larger sum. It is often used in financial crimes to steal money from a large number of victims. Examples of salami techniques include a bank employee taking small amounts of money from multiple customer accounts or a retailer charging small amounts to customers' credit cards without their knowledge.
- Salt A random string of characters added to a password before it is hashed. It is used in cryptography to make it more difficult for attackers to crack hashed passwords. Examples of salt include adding a string of random numbers to a password before it is hashed or using a unique salt for each password in a database.
- SAML (Security Assertion Markup Language)A standard protocol used for securely exchanging authentication and authorization data between online service providers and identity providers. It is used in web security to enable single sign-on (SSO) and provide users with access to multiple services using a single set of credentials. Examples of SAML include using SAML to enable SSO for a company's internal web applications or using SAML to enable SSO for a customer's online account with a service provider.
- Sampling risk The risk that a sample of data used for analysis may not be representative of the population from which it was drawn. It is often used in statistical analysis to evaluate the potential for bias in data samples. Examples of sampling risk include using a sample that is too small to accurately represent the population or using a sample that is not randomly selected.
- Sandbox A controlled environment used for testing or running potentially dangerous or suspicious code. It is used in cybersecurity to prevent malicious software from damaging systems or networks. Examples include a web browser's sandbox for running untrusted code, a malware analysis sandbox for studying malware behavior, and a network sandbox for testing new security protocols.
- Sanitize The process of removing or neutralizing sensitive data or information from a system or database. It is used to protect privacy and prevent unauthorized access to sensitive information. Examples include removing personally identifiable information from a database before sharing it with third parties, wiping a computer's hard drive before disposing of it, and sanitizing sensitive documents before shredding them.
- Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) Legislation enacted to enhance financial transparency and combat corporate fraud. SOX imposes strict auditing and financial regulations on public companies. Part of its mandate includes requirements for reporting on the effectiveness of internal controls over financial reporting, which has significant implications for IT security and data integrity.
- SAST (Static Application Security Testing) A type of security testing that analyzes an application's source code or binaries without executing the application. It is used in software development to identify security vulnerabilities early in the development process before the application is deployed. Examples include code reviews, automated vulnerability scanning, and manual testing.
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