Randomization: The process of introducing randomness into a system in order to improve security and make it more difficult for attackers to predict and exploit vulnerabilities. It is used in cryptography and security protocols to make it harder for attackers to predict and crack passwords or keys. Examples include random password generation, randomized encryption keys, and random number generation.

Randomizer (in IT): A utility or function that generates random or pseudorandom data. Used in software testing and gaming to ensure unpredictability and fairness, such as randomizing test cases or game scenarios. In cybersecurity, it may involve randomizing session tokens or security challenges to prevent attacks. A randomizer can also be used in cryptography for generating keys or initialization vectors. Outside of security, a randomizer can be found in various coding languages to even randomize a result of a function.

Randomness: The property of being unpredictable and lacking a definite pattern or order. It is used in security to create unpredictable values and prevent attackers from guessing or predicting sensitive information. Examples of randomness include the use of a random number generator to create a password or the shuffling of a deck of cards.

Random Number Generators (RNGs): Algorithms or devices that produce random or unpredictable sequences of numbers or data. They are used in cryptography and security systems to generate strong encryption keys, randomize data for statistical analysis, and prevent bias or predictability in simulations or tests. Examples include hardware RNGs based on physical processes, such as thermal noise or radioactive decay, and software RNGs based on mathematical functions, such as the Mersenne Twister or hash functions.

Range check: A validation process used to ensure that a given value falls within a specified range. It helps prevent out-of-range values from being accepted in programming and data entry. Examples include verifying that a password meets minimum length requirements or confirming that a user-entered age is within an acceptable range.

Ransomware: A type of malicious software designed to encrypt a victim's files, rendering them inaccessible until a ransom is paid. Commonly distributed through email phishing scams or malicious website downloads, ransomware often targets individuals and businesses. Notable examples include the WannaCry attack in 2017, the CryptoLocker attack in 2013, and the Ryuk attack on RR Donnelley in 2019.