- OSI Reference Model An abstract description for layered network protocol design. It consists of seven separate but related layers, each defining a part of the process of moving information across a network. This layering concept allows for the separation of concerns, facilitating interoperability and standardization of network protocols within their respective layers.
- Outcome-based Risk Perspective An outcome-based risk perspective in risk management focuses on understanding the consequences of risks and their effects on an organization's objectives. It is used to prioritize risks based on their potential impact on critical business processes or outcomes rather than merely their probability and to allocate resources effectively to the most significant threats. In cybersecurity, this approach helps organizations concentrate their efforts on protecting essential assets and implementing controls that significantly reduce the risk to their most critical operations.
- Out-of-band (OOB) A method of transmitting information using a separate communication channel from the primary data channel. It is commonly used in networking and cybersecurity to provide alternative access to systems and networks in case of failures or other emergency situations. Examples of OOB communication include dial-up modems and satellite links.
- Outsourcing The practice of contracting with external organizations or individuals to perform services or tasks that are typically performed in-house. It is commonly used to reduce costs, improve efficiency, and access specialized expertise. Examples of outsourcing include IT support and payroll processing.
- Overt Channel An overt channel is a standard, open, and legitimate path for communication within a computer system or network. It is utilized to transfer data as intended by its design and is often monitored for security purposes. This term should not be confused with a covert channel, which is a pathway that is used for unauthorized transmission of information within a computer system.
- Overwrite Procedure A method of securely deleting data from a storage device to prevent its recovery. It is commonly used in data destruction and cybersecurity to prevent sensitive information from falling into the wrong hands. Examples of overwrite procedures include the DoD 5220.22-M standard and the Gutmann method.
- Owner The individual or entity that has legal rights and control over a data resource or an asset. They are responsible for defining the classification of the data, access controls, and ensuring appropriate protection mechanisms are in place to safeguard the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of the data.
- Ownership of cloud data Ownership of cloud data refers to the legal and contractual rights and responsibilities regarding data stored in cloud environments. It determines who has control over the data, who can access it, and who is liable for its protection. This is particularly crucial in cloud services agreements, where the delineation of data ownership affects how data is managed, shared, and secured in the cloud.
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