- Parallel Test A method of testing where multiple copies of a system are run simultaneously, and their outputs are compared to ensure that they produce the same results. It is used to validate the integrity and reliability of a system by comparing its performance in different environments. Examples include disaster recovery testing and redundant systems.
- Parameter validation A security technique that checks the input of a system to ensure that it meets the required format and specifications. It is used to prevent malicious attacks that exploit input vulnerabilities, such as SQL injection and buffer overflows. Examples include input filtering and type checking.
- Parity The technique used in error detection when data is transmitted over computer networks or stored within it. Parity involves adding an extra bit (parity bit) to each byte of data, which is set to either 0 or 1 depending on the type of parity used (even or odd). This allows the detection of single-bit errors, contributing to the integrity of data.
- Parity Check The process of verifying the accuracy of data based on the parity bit. When data is received or retrieved, the number of set bits is counted and compared with the expected value based on the parity bit. If the counts match, it's assumed that the data is error-free; if not, it indicates that a data error has occurred during transmission or storage.
- Parkerian Hexad A model of information security that identifies six key components - confidentiality, integrity, availability, authenticity, accountability, and non-repudiation. It is used in security frameworks and policies to ensure that sensitive information is protected in all aspects. Examples include access control, encryption, and auditing.
- Partitioned file The concept of a partitioned file is more accurately described as a file that is stored in segments across different locations or storage media, which may be done for reasons such as optimizing storage use or improving data retrieval performance. In practice, file systems manage data storage at the disk level rather than partitioning individual files.
- Partitioned Security Mode A security technique that divides a system into smaller, isolated compartments or domains to improve its security and control access. It is used to prevent unauthorized access to sensitive data and resources. Examples include role-based access control and security domains.
- Partitioning The division of a computer's hard drive or storage space into separate, discrete sections, each functioning as an independent disk, to optimize system performance and data management. Partitioning can also refer to dividing databases, memory, and other resources for better organization and security.
- Partnership for Systems Approaches to Safety and Security (PSASS)A collaborative effort by various entities aimed at enhancing system safety and security. This collaboration typically involves sharing best practices, researching new methodologies, and working towards the development of holistic strategies that emphasize system-level understanding and proactive management of risks. In the context of data systems, PSASS principles can guide the design of secure and reliable systems that are resilient to potential threats.
- Passive Attack A type of network attack where the attacker intercepts and reads information transmitted over a network without altering the data or affecting the system's operation. The intent is usually to gather information, often confidential, without detection. Examples include eavesdropping, traffic analysis, and sniffing, where the attacker's main goal is to obtain unauthorized access to the data.
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