The FREE Cybersecurity Glossary by Thor Pedersen!

Fourth-generation language (4GL): These are types of programming languages that are more abstract and closer to human language compared to third-generation languages. 4GLs often focus on reducing programming effort and specificity and are geared towards solving business problems or database querying. Examples include SQL (Structured Query Language) for database interactions, ABAP (Advanced Business Application Programming) used in SAP applications, Informix-4GL, and Progress 4GL, now known as OpenEdge Advanced Business Language. They enable developers to write code with higher-level constructs, and many provide capabilities for rapid application development, report generation, and data manipulation.

Frequency-division Multiplexing (FDM): A technique used in the telecommunications field that allows multiple signals to be transmitted simultaneously over a single communication line or medium by allocating a unique frequency range to each signal. This separation of the total bandwidth into various non-overlapping frequency sub-bands reduces interference and enhances communication reliability. FDM finds wide usage in radio and TV broadcasting, satellite and cable systems, as well as telephone networks.

Functional Testing: A type of software testing that validates the software system against the functional requirements/specifications. The purpose of functional tests is to test each function of the software application by providing appropriate input and verifying the output against the Functional requirements. This testing mainly involves black box testing and is not concerned about the source code of the application. It includes testing of user commands, data manipulation, searches, business processes, user screens, and integrations. Functional testing ensures that the application is behaving according to the intended functionality.

Fuzzing or Fuzz Testing: A software testing technique that involves providing invalid, unexpected, or random data as input to a computer program. The program is then monitored for exceptions such as crashes, failing built-in code assertions, or potential memory leaks. A fuzzer is a tool used to carry out fuzz testing. Fuzzing is often automated and is used to discover coding errors and security loopholes within software, operating systems, or networks. It is particularly useful for finding security concerns that might be exploited by malicious users.

GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles): Pertains to a common set of accounting rules and standards for financial reporting that public companies in the United States must follow. These principles are designed to ensure consistency, reliability, and comparability of financial statements. In the context of IT and cybersecurity firms, GAAP guides the recording and reporting of financial transactions, including the capitalization and expense recognition of software development costs, purchase of IT equipment, and investments in cybersecurity infrastructure.

GAAS (Generally Accepted Auditing Standards): A set of systematic guidelines auditors use when assessing companies' financial statements, ensuring the accuracy, consistency, and reliability of auditors' actions and reports. In IT and cybersecurity, GAAS principles guide the auditing of IT systems and controls, emphasizing data integrity, security, and the effectiveness of IT governance practices.